madonna Essay -- essays research papers

Have you at any point heard a tune once and was always unable to get the tune off of your mind regardless of how diligently you attempted? I realize that has transpired on a few events. Regardless of whether we appreciate the melodies or not, there is something in particular about music inside mainstream society that drives the American open wild. Unfortunately, for at some point the music business was to a great extent stopped to ladies. Obviously there were evident special cases to this, since capable female craftsmen have existed through the ages, yet overall there were very few female craftsmen that got a great deal of airplay and absolutely none were considered altogether powerful in the music business. As of late the United States has started to encounter a women’s melodic renaissance. Women’s jobs in popular music are consistently developing. There have been numerous remarkable female performers and vocalists in the past that have helped in making the music business to a lesser extent a male obstinate society, from Aretha Franklin, Mo Tucker, and Ella Fitzgerald to pop symbols like Courtney Love, Queen Latifa, and Melissa Ethridge. Close by these, there are two ladies who have vanquished most impediments they’ve confronted and, also, constrained the music business to turn out to be to a greater extent a female benevolent condition. Those two ladies are Madonna and Brittany Spears. Madonna is a craftsman that most Americans are exceptionally acquainted with. From inconsiderateness to good cause, she is consistently in the open eye. Madonna took ladies and sex through a quantum jump and her one of a kind style and pizazz has been engraved on mainstream society until the end of time. Other than making significant patterns in music she was answerable for some design explanations all through the eighties and nineties (Gandee 307). Up until 1982, female sexuality was to a great extent a recommendation of cleavage and tight-fitting pants, at that point Madonna appeared in 1983 wearing her Victoria's Secrets outwardly, and crap hit the fan. Madonna Ciccone was conceived in 1958 close to Motown, to an architect father and homemaker mother, the oldest of eight youngsters. The one thing infant Madonna needed more than anything was to get celebrated. She prepared on piano and move, and pursued practically any action that would place her face in general visibility. When she turned twenty, she believed she had stood by long enough for popularity to discover her, and went out searching for it. All through her profession as one of America’s hotshots, Madonna kept up a lot of her imaginative control while... ...stry appear to be possible to everybody. Their achievements speak to huge numbers of the ongoing triumphs won by ladies in the music business; Accomplishments like Lilith Faire and Rock for Choice. Despite the fact that numerous entryways have been opened there are numerous that have stayed closed. For example, the way that numerous names decide to advertise female specialists like sex images as opposed to depending on their capacity to perform. A ladies artist are turning out to be increasingly noticeable, and with this perceivability comes power. Ani DiFranco and Madonna are only two instances of ladies who are beginning their own record names and marking their own groups. By doing this they are protecting that female craftsmen get heard. Clearly, only one out of every odd ladies artist can have this sort of assurance, however the way that they are in front of an audience playing what they love, music, makes them amazing. O’Dair, Barbara. "Introduction". The Rolling Stone Book of Women In Rock. Ed. Barbara O’Dair. New York: Random House, Inc., 1997. Udovitch, Mim. "Madonna". The Rolling Stone Book of Women in Rock. Ed. Barbara o’Dair. New York:Random House,Inc.,1997. Gandee, Charles. "In The Closet With Madonna". Vogue Oct. 1997: 306-313, 378.

The processes that occur in the Network when you Essay

The procedures that happen in the Network when you - Essay Example There are a few procedures that are running simultaneously, both at server and customer closes, to make this correspondence a triumph. An exhaustive information on these gadgets and their jobs, conventions and related advancements, at different degrees of the system, is required for understanding the procedure that happen in a system for correspondence to happen effectively. Breaking down the procedure at different layers of a system requests an efficient cognizance of a ‘broad brush’ image of the correspondence channel and convention stack that may be busy working behind the scene. As a rule, access to private systems, similar to the X-Stream server from our home or some other remote area is appeared through Virtual Private Network (VPN) innovation. VPN is utilized to get to a private system, similar to a college Learning Management System (LMS), over an open system like the Internet. At the point when an understudy get to X-Stream Server over an open system, this execu tion of VPN is known to be a ‘Access VPN’. VPN guarantees a protected access to the private asset through execution of security at different layers of the correspondence channel. ... rs used to characterize correspondence range over the TCP/IP suit of conventions incorporates; Application Layer, Host to Host Layer , Internet Layer and Network Access Layer. The procedure that happens on the system is fundamentally the investigation of information as it goes through the TCP/IP stack since WAN is just utilized as a vehicle to convey information and no huge handling is done as far the information is concerned. There are a few significant conventions that shapes a piece of the TCP/IP convention suite which incorporates FTP, TFTP, VoIP, HTTP, ICMP, UDP, ARP and RARP and so forth. In addition the RIP and OSPF are additionally the piece of TCP/IP convention suite which guarantees the directing of the data over a system. From a user’s point of view the procedure that happen on a system begins with the utilization of use programming that can converse with a hidden system for example an internet browser that utilizes HTTP to get things going for a client. Comer allud es this as the application level web access and states, â€Å"From a user’s point see, the web seems to comprise of a lot of use programs that utilization the hidden system to complete valuable correspondence tasks†(3). Additionally the meeting of correspondence occasion is kept up at the Application Layer, anyway these meeting are not logged by HTTP. â€Å"Each HTTP demand is independent; the server doesn't keep a past filled with past solicitation or past sessions† (Comer, 490). At next level the procedures to guarantee and uphold the information honesty, rightness and dependable parcel conveyance are watched by the Host to Host layer. This layer likewise fragments and arrangements the ceaseless stream of information that leaves a client end and reassembles it at server end while recognizing the receipt of each section. â€Å"As each section of information is gotten at the goal, an

The Discovery of the Structure of DNA Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

The Discovery of the Structure of DNA - Essay Example DNA comprises of two strands, each made out of specific sugars and phosphates. The two strands wind around one another in a winding, much like the different sides of the stepping stool wind around one another. Connecting the two strands together are sure synthetic components called amines or bases organized in a specific example. The rungs of the elastic stepping stool would resemble these concoction joins, (Ciccarelli p.252). A comprehension of DNA is a principal need in understanding what it is that makes us what our identity is. Not the demonstrations which we submit, however who were imbedded in the center of ourselves. At last, the hereditary structure of us as people is the thing that genuinely the history book is as it comes to people and what makes them what their identity is. Auxiliary DNA is portrayed as, A few districts of chromosomes remain exceptionally consolidated, firmly snaked, and untranscribed all through the cell cycle. Called constitutive heterochromatin, these parts will in general be limited around the centromere, or situated close to the parts of the bargains, at the telomeres, (Johnson p.387). After Rosalind Franklin's utilization of x-beam innovation as it came to DNA, the world would be acquainted with two respectable men by the names of James Watson and Francis Crick. Adapting casually of Franklin's outcomes before they were distributed in 1953, James Watson and Francis Crick, two youthful specialists at Cambridge University, immediately worked out a possible structure for the DNA particle (figure 14.10), which we presently know was generously right. They investigated the issue deductively, first structure models of the nucleotides, and afterward attempting to gather the nucleotides into an atom that coordinated what was thought about the structure of DNA. They attempted different prospects before they at long last hit on the possibility that the particle may be a straightforward twofold helix, with the bases of two strands pointed internal towards one another, shaping base-sets, Expounding further that, In their model, base matches consistently comprise of purines, which are enormous, highlighting pyrimidines, which are little, keeping the distance across of the atom a steady 2 nanometers. Since the hydrogen bonds can frame between the bases in a base-pair, the twofold helix is balanced out as a duplex DNA atom made out of two antiparallel strands, one chain running 3' to 5' and the other 5' to 3'. The base sets are planar (level) and stack 0.34 nm separated because of hydrophobic cooperations, adding to the general soundness of the particle, (Johnson p.287). The Watson-Crick model clarified why Chargaff had acquired the outcomes he had: in a twofold helix, adenine structures two hydrogen bonds with thymine, however it won't structure hydrogen bonds appropriately with cytosine. Essentially, guanine structures three hydrogen bonds appropriately with thymine. Therefore, adenine and thymine will consistently happen in similar extents in any DNA particle, as will guanine and cytosine, in view of this base-blending, (Johnson p.287). Similarly as any researcher needs to do so as to demonstrate their hypothesis; Crick and Watson set out to do only that. In late February of 1953, Crick and Watson constructed a model out of tin set up the general structure of DNA. This structure clarified all the known concoction properties of DNA, and it made the way for understanding its organic capacities. There have been minor changes to that originally distributed structure, however its

Mankind When Left to Themselves are Unfit for Their Own Government - George Washington - Free Essay Example

When we look at our past, present and possible future, things arent very different. People have changed, ideas have changed and the world around us has gone for a spin but there are some definite factors that have been prevalent through the ages. The downtrodden will always be there and so will the rich and powerful. The very basis of Bourdieus studies takes root in this very divide. This has played an important role in defining so many norms in our society and has been a key factor in the shaping of the community that we live in now. Taking a look at the matter at hand, the defining of the roles of masculinity and feminism has taken shape through this very concept of the traditions and ideologies being passed down by generations of certain cultures and sectors of society that has led to the sharp barriers we have, preventing us from living in a world of equality. Its indeed true that distinction, as stated by Pierre Bourdieu has been a key factor in this and we shall discuss further on about it and see how and why this has occurred. Culture is a simple yet a completely deep and rooted word that people use lightly without really understanding the crux of the word. When we go down the rabbit hole known as Anthropology, we begin to understand the word by its true meaning. Culture is something that so profoundly affects the thoughts, actions, and feelings of people in that group that anthropologists commonly say that individuals are a product of their culture (Culture, p.15, 3-7). This shows how culture isnt something that one develops for themselves but rather is inculcated into them by their parents and their community members. The working class has always been one for the practical thought process and whatever worked, may it be slightly wrong, was considered to be perfect. One example can be seen in the Jornaleros of Mexico as they can be said to be not passive victims, but also resist, construct, create and dream (Week 1 Presentation.ppt, s.9, 4), who are being oppressed and have been looked over many times. Mov ing onto the topic of the old distinction of a mans work and a womans work being set in various ways. It has been seen earlier, and even today (though not as much) that the roles of men and women have been set for them ever since they have been introduced into the community. The parents teaching a boy to be strong and work while the girl is taught to cook and look after the household. While Generalisations about humans must take the full range of cultural diversity into account (The Study of Humanity, p.9, 3), and yes it is true, but this ideology can be seen spread across most of the countries including America and third world countries too, though the situation is certainly becoming better as awareness is being spread and people are coming out of their social bubbles. But the fact that these norms are being drilled into the brains of many young children is still prevalent, many parts of the society are still forcing their girls to stay at home, preventing them from even getting a proper education. This, as said by Bourdieu is partly due to the working class not having all the resources that the richer classes have and settling with what has always worked for them. This divide was, and always be, the factor that has us humans divided, even after constant tries for unity. Resources are limited and greed, well, doesnt seem to have an end. And with it comes the furt her classifications such as Hegemonic Masculinity. It is a weed so strongly rooted that for us to try and rip it out of the system would require a whole restructure of the functioning society. It would be ignorant to say that today, the situation has improved many folds, but sadly is only restricted to developed countries. It is an evil, something dwelling deep in our history and something that has left a permanent scar.

The And Of The Preachers - 1173 Words

â€Å"Same WORD different Meanings† As I consider the image of many of the preachers presented I am challenged in my recognizing their gifts and yet feeling an inadequate connection. Perhaps it was the predominance of traditional theologies found in most mainline protestant denominations that while safe and predictable, were personally not fully relatable. This I found ironic considering I would be identified as a white male from an affluent background with this being what I would have always known of as homiletics. Perhaps it is from personal experience of how being gay can move one down in a patriarchal hierarchy to less than human status that then all is seen with a hermeneutics of suspicion. For many years a sermon has often become a moment for meditation in the worship service when the language has not been inclusive or that I questioned the â€Å"truth† of the message. The image of preacher from their writings that resonated with me for different reasons was a combination of Anna Carter Florence, Lucy Atkinson Rose and Christine Marie Smith. Smith while she was not on the required or recommended reading list was referenced in class leading me to two of her writings that perhaps were the most impactful and theologically relatable. Anna Carter Florence offered a process to preparation in preaching as postmodern testimony that has been helpful. Her supportive statements of Ricoeur’s reasoning of Christian â€Å"speaking and knowing† as interpretation through testimony in preachingShow MoreRelatedThe Preacher and the Fighter1200 Words   |  5 PagesThe Preacher and the Fighter: A Fight for Equality Present day United States of America. Freedom, racial equality, united with all its citizens. The United States of America as we know it would never have existed if racial equality was not given to the colored people of the country. There was a time in this nation’s history when the people of the United States were not equal. There was a time when colored people did not have well-funded facilities in comparison to the white people. Martin LutherRead MoreEssay on The Night Of The Hunter: The Preacher906 Words   |  4 Pages The Night of the Hunter: The Preacher nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;When describing the preacher, John says, â€Å"His name is Harry Powell. But the names of his fingers are E and V and O and L and E and T and A and H and that story he tells about one hand being Hate and the other hand being Love is a lie because they are both hate and to watch them moving scares me worse than shadows, worse than the wind.† nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;This description shows the absolute essence of the preachersRead MoreLeadership, President, And Preachers2053 Words   |  9 Pages Since the beginning of time people have been expressing the word leadership. You will find Leadership in many places/people including sports teams, business, Presidents, and Preachers. Leadership can describe one person or it can describe a whole organization. Leadership plays many different roles and many people that show leadership view it differently than people that don’t. First clarifying what Leadership is not, is an important part in understanding what leadership is. People think that theRead MorePreacher Sermon in the Novel Flatland525 Words   |  2 Pagescould in fact be two different worlds that may be expanded or retracted in dimensions. A preacher may use Flatland in a sermon in a variety ways, including how Heaven may be a new and inspiring dimension with a contrastive way of sight and sound that is only achievable upon reaching Heaven. Hell may be an unspoken horror of dimension that none of us on Earth have ever experienced. One way in which a preacher may use this incredible novel in a sermon is to give the congregation an awareness of howRead More Jonathan Edwards the Great Preacher Essay1604 Words   |  7 Pagesutter corruption of human nature† (Heyrmen 1) which terrified his listeners and made them receptive to the message he was preaching. One particular development can be found in a letter from 1743 that Edwards himself wrote to Thomas Prince a Boston preacher. The letter describes Edwards’s attempts at preaching to groups of young listener’s. Two young men were so overcome with his words that they sought him after a meeting to receive immediate enlightenment (Edwards 2). He describes the young convertsRead MoreThe Evangelical Anglican, Preacher, And Teacher Of Scripture Essay2053 Words   |  9 PagesJohn R.W. Stott, an evangelical Anglican, preacher, and teacher of Scripture, was born in London in 1921. He has carried out an effective urban pastoral ministry as he served at All Souls Church in London in multiple capacities after being ordained in 1945. Not only was Stott a leader around the world among the evangelicals but he also was a principal framer of the Lausanne Covenant landmark in 1974. Stott was educated at Rugby School and Trinity College Cambridge where he trained at Ridley HallRead MoreThe Preacher Ruminates: Behind The Sermon (Analysis and Interpretation)1478 Words   |  6 PagesWithout a Hand to Hold Analysis and Interpretation of The Preacher Ruminates: Behind the Sermon Gwendolyn Brooks The Preacher Ruminates: Behind the Sermon gives an eerie look into a ministers mind. Indeed the poems premise is made clear from the opening line: It must be lonely to be God (1). The poem proceeds to note that while God is a much-revered and respected figure, he has no equal. The preachers revelation provides the reader a unique perspective into religion. Brooks points outRead MoreI Am A Believer And A Preacher Of The Gospel Message. The1562 Words   |  7 Pages I am a believer and a preacher of the Gospel message. The foundation for my beliefs are based on the Bible, which I believe are the words of God given to mere men to record whereby humankind would have the opportunity to read and hear the truth so they can be reconciled to God through His son Jesus Christ. We are to live with Jesus Christ the Son of God as our model and be guided by the third figure in the Trinity, the Holy Spirit. In this essay I will share what I believe to be true about theRead MoreAnalysis Of Mama s Boy, Preachers Son1788 Words   |  8 PagesAs a society, we have been ingrained to reinforce the shame, privilege, and stigmatization towards people of diverse backgrounds and sexual orientations. Kevin Jennings, author of Mama’s Boy, Preachers Son: A Memoir of Growing up, Coming Out, and Changing Americas Schools, directly connects the intersecting challenges of sexual orientation, religion, education, and poverty. Though the intersection of these social is sues leaves one to internalize the ideology of inferiority, Jennings demonstratesRead MoreAl Wahhab, A Great Man, An Honorable Reformer And A Preacher Essay702 Words   |  3 PagesTo his followers Abd’al-Wahhab was a â€Å"great man, an outstanding reformer and a zealous preacher†, proclaiming a message of al-da’wa ila’ l-tawhid, (a belief in the unity of God alone), something which, according to him, Muslims had neglected to their detriment. Like a troubling desert storm he appeared in the Najd region of Arabia in the eighteenth century fulminating against the idolatrous practices and customs of the contemporary Bedouin. â€Å"The sheikh started preaching the revival of Islam†, states

Code Of Ethics Code Ethics - 1334 Words

Running head: CODE OF ETHICS 1 CODE OF ETHICS 5 Code of Ethics Hieu Le Columbia Southern University Code of ethics is the most essential aspect of the society that organizations and individuals need to fulfill and apply this aspect in their workplaces and families in order to achieve goals and objectives, which demand by management, investors, and stakeholders. There are several key components that require organizations to apply for attaining code of ethics. These components include guiding principles, purpose of the code,†¦show more content†¦In the upper scale, the Le family provides money to some charities to help the poor and build necessary locations to support the need of individuals. The core value of a core ethics provides a significant contribution to organizations in terms of respect, trustworthiness, responsibility, fairness, and caring. Trustworthiness is known to be reliable, loyal and willing to do a right thing for organizations and society. Equally, responsibility is constantly to perform the great effort to their firm, and be accountable when the choic e is imminent in some situations. Likewise, respect considers as a vital element that caring and feeling to others. Leader needs to respect and show a good manner, and lead himself as an example to his followers in order to gain great respect and loyalty from followers accordingly. Lastly, caring and fairness are the essential elements to conduct activities by the rules. For instance, a great leader will treat their employees fairly by evaluating their working performance based on the task and financial outcomes. According to Chartered Financial Analyst (CFA, 2016), the code of ethics is the ethical landscape for individuals and professionals who involve in decision-making in their daily workplace and their life. Therefore, people need to fulfill the code of ethics at the highest standard by conducting moral initiations to their organizations and society with their knowledge, skills, and ability. By knowing this, the Le family canShow MoreRelatedInternational Widgets : Code Of Ethics1019 Words   |  5 Pagescompany’s management and it is also going contrary to the company’s codes of ethics. The International Widgets has formulated a list of its code of ethics that govern the operation of the company. A summary of the International Widgets’ Code of Ethics is as follows: Confidentiality: the company is committed to maintaining a high degree of integrity in its dealings with its potential, current, as well as its past clients. Ethics: the company conducts business honorably and honestly and expects suppliesRead MoreCode Of Ethics And Ethics Essay1704 Words   |  7 PagesCode of Ethics Implementation A Code of Ethics is regarded as the written guideline to the moral constitution of an organization ( ). The Code of Ethics (Appendix A) outlines the rights, duties, responsibilities, and a benchmark for the organization and its evaluation (Mihai Alina, 2013). It contains behavioral principles and rules of conduct that aids in the decision-making processes and balances the stakeholders expectations and interests against corporate responsibilityRead MoreCode Of Ethics And Ethics912 Words   |  4 Pagesessential for the organization to have a strong code of ethics to ensure all employees understand the ethical expectations of the organization. The code acts as a guide for employees to ensure they apply ethical decision making in the workplace. As the manager you will play an essential role in disseminating this information to employees as well as ensuring they are in compliance with the code. Employees must understand the consequences of failing to uphold the code and the importance of reporting ethicalRead MoreCode Of Ethics And Ethics Essay727 Words   |  3 PagesCode of Ethics A code of ethics/conduct is an important part of an organization. It clarifies the organization s mission, values and principles, linking them with standards of professional conduct. According to CSUGlobal.edu (n.d.), ethics is the study of good and bad behavior and a person is acting ethically, they are doing what is right. Additionally, ethics require that a person conforms to a higher standard of behavior than the law requires. A code of ethics is an open disclosure for the wayRead MoreEthics Of The Code Of Ethics946 Words   |  4 PagesIt is a violation of the code of ethics and they don’t consequentially suggest lawful accountability or infringement of the law. Such strength of character can be capable of simply be situated in the perspective of lawful and official procedures. Unproven infringements of the code of ethics would be questioned to a colleague assessment procedure. Such procedures exist in general unconnected on or after lawful or organizational processes an d shielded on or after the lawful assessment or proceduresRead MoreThe Ethics Of A Code Of Ethics1648 Words   |  7 Pagesmajor stakeholders can be proud of, codes of ethics are created as a set of guidelines for every involved stakeholder to follow and adhere to. In his conclusion (Lambert, 2009) states that the development and subsequent implementation of a code of ethics is a critical part of establishing a value system within the commercial crime prevention discipline. He further goes on to say that, as a value system, the success of this endeavor lies not in whether the code makes staff behave, but rather moreRead MoreCode Of Ethics And Ethics1203 Words   |  5 Pagesissues will arise that will force you to educate yourself further with the AAMFT Code of Ethics. The Code of Ethics are beneficial to the well-being of the therapist and can prevent them from getting into a legal bind. I will be discussing the outcomes to several issues given, and also addressing what I would do personally when faced with these oppositions. The questions require me to constantly review my AAMFT Code of Ethics and apply them to the issues that have arisen. I will have to consult withRead MoreEthics And Code Of Ethics815 Words   |  4 Pagesincluding no windows or running water - were against his personal definition of right, good and fair. Even though the case study does not describe clearly, one could easily assume that these practices do not comply with the key values and the code of ethics and conduct that Felipe’s company is likely to have. The fact that Felipe was immediately shocked with the labor conditions shows that it goes against what his company practices in his home country, triggering the filters of â€Å"policies† and â€Å"universal†Read MoreCode Of Ethics And Ethics Essay1527 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction. This code is important for our employees, customers, shareholders and partners. This code explains and summarizes our stander that protects the company s reputability and its business from any risk. Moreover, it shows how we deal with our partners. We believe that our success depends on the actions of our members and partners. Because of that, we are committed to make sure that everyone in our company is compliance with this Code and other law. †¢ Binding scope. This Code of Ethics is writtenRead MoreThe Ethics Of The Code Of Ethics1312 Words   |  6 PagesThe value of integrity is another important aspect of the NASW Code of Ethics. It is essential that social workers develop a relationship built on trust and righteousness. It has been suggested that through a â€Å"minimum combination of training and ongoing support (supervision, consultation, and coaching), preferably extended with booster sessions,† (Goense, Boendermaker Yperen, 2015, p. 69), a social worker can develop an effective relationship full of integrity. According to the National Association

Code of Ethics for Construction Professionals & Engineers

Abstract Engineers are the pioneer for global development and professionals are catalysts for problem solving but void of any rules, regulations, code of conduct or ethics, society would not allow the school of practical thinkers to advance or prosper in todays competent world. The study is to dwell deeper into the morals and ethical code of conduct and its valuable importance for professionals and engineers engaged into construction job. It is a call for duty towards the society and satisfaction of personal conscience. Introduction Code of ethics place integrity of interests of society and their security over the shoulders of professionals. Regardless of the job titles and posts, code of ethics is liable(Ladd, 1982) and should be necessarily followed as a benchmark for professionals around the globe. Professionals and engineers face numerous ethical dilemmas(Kultgen, 1988) in everyday life ranging from working under harsh environments, working on incompetent projects, to even sexual harassment in some areas. Every code of ethics namely business ethics, ethics for employees and professional ethical practices should be applied in civil construction practices. The need for ethics is prominent to uphold the fundamental canons of moral code to maintain dignity and truthfulness among the mass. The paramount for safety of the society lies in the hands of ethically behaving professionals. The principles and paradigms of ethics The need of the construction business is to produce, procure and prosper based on ethical conducts. There is a need for enforcement at initiating stage, construction stage and also at post construction stage. There is a need for enhancement in human welfare(Anshen, 1998) by building, maintaining and sustaining trust among the public. Since, safety is a prime concern in construction, therefore ethics are primarily based over safety concerns and serving the public with the fidelity(Hamzah et.al, 2010). To support the professional, technical, or entrepreneurial societies, ethics for professionals the prime necessity. Striving to achieve competency and prestige for the company and for the enterprise fundamental principles of ethics. The need of the hour and for the precious environment is to follow sustainable development strategies and these also form a part of the business ethics as described by the organizations. To prevent any kind of damage, hazard, disaster, accident or mishap engineers need to abide by the code of ethics by performing services in the areas matching the level and the degree of their competency(Carr, 1988). There is a recent upsurge of unethical practices in construction business such as bribery, corruption, bid cutting, bid shopping, cover pricing, or many other payment games being played by professionals. So, in order to curb these malpractices ethical implementation is necessary. In order to maintain the prestige and aura of the company social and public statements made by the managers or professionals of construction agencies need to be clear, concise, crisp and complete. Any kind of failure should be followed by immediate ethical norms and practices by giving objective replies and taking trustworthy remedial actions. The need of ethics to be followed at the time of conflict is a major area of concern. Construction engineers and professionals must rapidly resolve any kind of conflict arising in order to serve the general interest of public swiftly and with caution. For a construction firm of organization it is essential to maintain the reputation and the professional fame in order to remain competent in the construction business. A highlighting trait of competitive advantage is to function in the industry abiding by the set code of laws and ethics of the business market. In construction business there is no scope for fraud with raw materials and this is an evidence which profoundly speaks of the ethics to be followed by the professionals. There is a zero-tolerance policy in case of corruption and this should be included in the order book defining code of ethical practices(Loulakis,2003). In case of tender disclosures or documentation there is a dire need to follow business ethical practices in order to remain trustworthy and dependable. It is critically important to evaluate the ethics in the background of environment without any discrimination of performance in services on the basis of caste, creed or color without violating any lawful regulation in professional concern. Hence, the need of ethics is showcased in every domain and region of the professional arena from security, integrity, trust, performance, learning and skill refining. The laws of ethics Ethics are regulated by the government using various laws. The need to abide by the ethics are also in regard with respect of the law and following the regulations(Lavers, 2006) imposed by the law. Buildings Act 1993 clearly states the objectives(Australian Government, 2009) of enhancing the amenity of buildings by providing effective systems for building and by enforcing safety matters related to construction by regulating the building practitioners(McCarthy, 2012). It is mandatory for the professionals and engineers to go by the word of law and follow mentioned ethical practices in order to survive in the industrial arena. It is hence mandatory to follow the ethics and any breach in code of conduct may lead to a sign of professional misconduct under laws and acts. Laws are keys for setting standards for certifying building functions in public interest. Laws proclaim to follow the ethics and morals as per the expectations of the customers. Case studies There are several case studies calling for ethical practices to be taken seriously and morally. Quebec Bridge collapse and failure costed 88 lives and took a long span of time to complete(Pearson, 2006). The planning, design and execution were a mistake from the side of engineers. The engineers did not practice ethical means of execution while construction leading to disaster of collapse. Post disaster, other projects followed general guidelines for clearing ethical examinations to showcasing good character in order to understand the values required behind the construction and inherent processes. Another case study which is a striking example of unethical practices which became a lesson for others was Citicorp in New York. The structure of the building was unsound and due to unethical practices to save labor and material costs by replacing them with weaker bolts. The act of a leader to alert the damage of Citicorp was used as an example of ethical behavior for future. The need of ethical behavior was safety of public in empowering of strategic decisions(OLeary, 2008). Conclusion The summary of the study lies in the dire need of following and practicing business ethics in construction business in todays competent world. For security and safety of general public, following ethics is a must for professionals and engineers to prevent any disasters and set an epitome of ethical code of conduct for future construction business personnel to ensure trust and corruption free tender acquisition, high quality of raw material, regard for workers and responsibility post construction.

RFID in the Retail Supply Chain Issues and Opportunities

RFID Technology RFID is an acronym which stands for radio frequency identification. It is a wireless technology which uses electromagnetic fields in identifying animals, people or objects (Violino, 2013). Many authors contend that RFID is a technology that will tend to replace or supplement other technologies such as barcode (Violino, 2013). RFID is composed of two parts; the tag and the reader.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on RFID in the Retail Supply Chain: Issues and Opportunities specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The tag is simply a tiny microchip with a code. The code is the heart of the technology. It is invoked when identifying the object to which the tag is tied to. On the other hand, the reader is an apparatus that transmits the wireless frequencies to the tag inquiring its location. In operation, when the tag senses the request from the tag, it sends back the code fixed to it. History of RFID The concept of RFID technology is not a new technology in the world. It can be traced back in the 19th century when progress in scientific inventions in the field electromagnetisms was being advanced. Reid (2005) notes that innovation in the field of electronic induction by Faraday and the explanation put forward in the operation of electromagnetism using equation by James Maxwell laid the basis for RFID growth during the early days; this was the beginning point in RFID technology which is being widely used today. Reid (2005) also shows that the use of automatic RFID systems begun with the development of the automated object detection systems. Among these systems was the radio transmitter. The radio transmitter designed in 1926 had the capacity to detect objects at a distance. The real application of the RFID system was during the World War II. The technology called â€Å"Identify Friend or Foe†, IFF was used by the British Royal Air Force to facilitate pilots and radar officers disting uish between friends and enemies using RF signals (Royal Air Force, 2006). In 1960’s, the technology was fitted in trucks accessing secure facilities. Reid (2005) indicates that by 1980’s, the technology was commercialized, hence, more chips were produced and made available to facilitate tracking and managing of properties such as razor blades, animals and railway cars on a large scale.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Why the Technology? The problems experienced in tracking shipping containers, automobiles and train cars were enormous, hence, a creative solution to contain it was necessary. Because RFID technology had been used during the WWII and was successful, businesses viewed the used in the business environment, it will yield similar results, thus, RFID was seen as an ideal technology to adopt. RFID was able to track and locate objects in real-time. Addit ionally, the mobility of the technology made possible to be tagged in rail cars. For example, by 1994, the United States had fitted RFID in rail cars. Also, the problem in toll collection was inescapable. Hence, it was very cumbersome to collect tolls from various stations. The RFID, therefore, was important in solving this problem (FTC, 2005). Efforts to deploy RFID in the 1980s and 1990s was a success because tags fitted in the equipment’s relayed data in the database automatically and in real-time. FTC (2005) point out that the counterfeit and insecurity were widespread in the casino industry, thus, to mitigate this concern, RFID technology was vital in containing counterfeit and enhancing security. One of the early casinos to embrace this technology was the Wynn Casino in Las Vegas. The casino fixed the RFID chips on gaming tables and gambling tokens to detect counterfeits, fraud, prevent theft besides improving service delivery FTC, 2005). Other than casinos, most countr ies have incorporated chips in travel documents to guard against theft and security (FTC, 2005). Benefits of RFID Though the costs of implementing an RFID system are high, coupled with the risks, the technology offers countless benefits to individuals and businesses. Traiman (2001) point out that RFID reduces distribution and warehouse labour costs. This is because the technology is efficient in replacing labour intensive activities and the point of operations. The RFID is able to track with accuracy products, cartons and pallets with sensors in wherever location they are in the warehouse.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on RFID in the Retail Supply Chain: Issues and Opportunities specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More RFID offers improved planning and forecasting (Traiman, 2001). The technology makes the supply chain management visible facilitating planning and forecasting. This helps in tracking the location of invento ry in the supply chain. Businesses lose millions of dollars per year due to theft. With RFID, these losses are avoided (Traiman, 2001). RFID track items in the supply chain creating efficiency and minimal errors. In the retail system, the technology reduces theft to higher margin as all products are tracked in real time. RFID technology is consistent and in real-time, thus, it saves customers time in selecting the product of choice enhancing his/her experience. Similarly, customer’s product placed in a cat is easily tracked and if kiosks comprise of shopping experience, businesses are able to make automatic offers on related items improving the customer’s experience. Advantages of RFID Compared with other products such as bar codes, RFID has many advantages to the business and individuals. Reid (2005) illustrates that RFID perform well in different environments. For example, in adverse conditions, tags can be deployed allowing and operate without any hindrances. RFID p rovides real-time updates. The tags have been designed to enhance communication and retention of information with the on-board memory. Thus, this strategy can be used by the businesses to carry out preventive maintenance of records and calibrate history among others. Reid (2005) explains that this process can be achieved automatically with no human intervention. RFID has the advantage of trace-ability. Traiman (2001) explains the embedded chip is able to recall, document and track history of a single object or item in real-time by incorporating user data, UIC and other information on-board. This saves time which would have been otherwise used in doing the same manually. Disadvantages Despite fixing efficiency and streamlining operations, RFID has elicited major challenges in the society and the business world. Albrecht (2005) cites that as the RFID technology becomes less sophisticated and expensive, the concern regarding privacy has arisen. The society fears that people could be bo und to specific information concerning their purchasing behaviour by unscrupulous retailers (Albrecht, 2005).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More FTC (2005) illustrates that some devices such as walkie-talkies and forklifts in the neighbourhood of an RFID hamper efficiency and functionality of the technology. As both devices use radio frequencies, there is a problem of signals getting mixed up. The cost of implementing RFID technology is high. It covers the purchase of readers, tags and softwares. Hence, basing on the size of the organization, it can be time consuming and very expensive in the long-run. FTC (2005) notes the cost of tags is high, hence, depending on the size of the organization, it might cost the organization a lot of money. Political aspects Mixed reactions have elicited on the use of RFID technology. One of the issues is the debate on regulatory and legal system. FTC (2005) point out the technology can be abused by people with ill intent. It can be used to perpetuate criminal activities such as stalking, though advocates for the technology cite its usefulness in preventing crime, theft and forgery, criminal may exploit gaps in the system causing considerable harm. Thus, there is a policy vacuum on how the technology can be used effectively within the confines of the legal system to guarantee protection of users’ data. Also, Kelly and Erickson (2005) point out the privacy concern of data stored in RFID databases. Using RFID might elicit conflict with existing regulations that guide data protection because the RFID technology is invisible. The available data protection laws in various jurisdictions are not clear on/or is not prepared to develop laws to regulate the omnipresent data processing. Furthermore, RFID allows data to be collected and stored in a central database. Critics allay fears that this aspect can lead to theft of personal data and encourage misuse which is in contradiction to the right of privacy enjoyed by individuals (Kelly and Erickson, 2005). However, pundits advocating for this technology cite it has beneficial to the society when used appropriately. For examp le, in the medical care, the technology can be used to save a life. However, the user has to make a choice of either using the technology or not (Kelly and Erickson, 2005). Social Setting A lot of issues generated by the use of RFID technology in a social setting are wide with far reaching implication, not only to businesses, but also on individuals. Of importance is the management of data stored on these devices. There are fears that information stored in such systems may lead to misuse of personal data because RFID tag has a unique ID which may be linked to personal identifiable information. Violino (2013) point out that threats such as action, preference, association and constellation associated with the daily life of an individual feels threatened by the RFID technology. Similarly, Kelly and Erickson (2005) illustrates that societal privacy threats such as the erosion of individual liberties are at risk. This is because there is rising concern that the RFID technology allows sto red data to be transferred across stakeholders, networks and organizations. This concern amplifies as the data linked to different objects becomes connected to identify users without their consent. If such data is used to fix profiles, its viability may curtail the right of choice of users and contribute to making unstructured decisions in regard to an individual (Kelly Erickson, 2005). Kelly and Erickson (2005) points out that as the RFID tag is becoming more widespread through deployment of related applications, there is a potential risk of â€Å"function creep†. For instance, he cites that the intention of embedding RFIG tag in casino chip was well thought. It was intended to contain counterfeit and improve security. However, the technology together with personal identifiers might be used to track how individuals play and record winnings and losses. Such applications, coupled with profiling events which a user has no control of may cause intrusion to an individual’ s privacy. Pest Aspect Albrecht and McIntyre (2005) indicates that an RFID microchip has been widely used in agriculture, particularly in woody plants to store and retrieve pertinent information on their health. The microchip collects various information such as pesticide usage, soil fertility among others. The information is linked to the database for analysis. Other than incorporating RFID in plants, the technology is placed strategically in ground to automatically detect pests, making their eradication much faster (Albrecht McIntyre, 2005). However, there are rising concerns that the using the technology has negative potential on the environment because leaky metals may leave harmful toxins in the soil causing diseases and increasing pest resistant. Social Sorting Social sorting is a process of using data to identify, classify, order and control the population. Various arguments have been advanced on how the RFID system perpetuates social sorting. Albrecht and McIntyre (2005) in dicates that using RFID may necessitate new forms of surveillance. Although other methods of surveillance such as access badges, internet and video cameras exists, compared to these technologies, RFID arouses more reaction because it strengthens misuse because of aggregation of information about an object or an individual. The information collected through surveillance might be altered, cloned allowing identity usurpation and used for unintended purposes such as discrimination and victimization of individuals. Relation to the Panoptican and RFID Panopticon bears close resemblance to RFID technology. Samatas (2008) explains that Panopticon changed the European justice system from being a corporal punishment system to a prison architecture that fixed self-control. Prisons were constructed in a round figure that allowed prisoners at the centre to be visible to the surveillance guards. As a prisoner was conscious of being watched, he subjected himself to the authority of the disciplinar y system. Similarly, the RFID posses the same concept and is more distressing than Panopticon though its technology based. Similarly, because it is chip based surveillance is enhanced as the chip can be attached or fixed on almost everything and tracked in whichever location the object might be (Samatas, 2008). Another similarity is that Panopticon was a perpetually stressing a de-humanizing aspect. This is in close resemblance to RFID technology. RFID knows exactly where an object is, in this way, there is an expression of fear commonly unknown to others. Because surveillance technologies are aligned with humans, it creates emotions in human beings because they feel their independence and control is under observation (Samatas, 2008). References Albrecht, K 2005, Spychips: How Major Corporations and Government Plan to Track Your Every Move with RFID, Thomas Nelson Inc, Tennesse. Albrecht, K and McIntyre, L 2005, Spychips: how major corporations and government plan to track your ever y move with RFID. Web. FTC 2005, Radio Frequency Identification: Applications and Implications for Consumers. Web. Kelly, EP and Erickson, GS 2005, â€Å"RFID tags: commercial applications v. Privacy rights†, Industrial Management Data Systems, Vol. 105. No. 6, pp. 703 – 713. Reid, AS 2005, â€Å"RFID Tags and the European Union: Really free internal distribution?†, Journal of International Trade Law and Policy, Vol. 4. No. 1/2, pp. 1 – 30. Royal Air Force 2006, Royal Air Force History. Samatas, M 2008, From thought control to traffic control: CCTV politics of expansion and resistance in post-Olympics Greece, in Mathieu Deflem, Jeffrey T. Ulmer (ed.) Surveillance and Governance: Crime Control and Beyond (Sociology of Crime Law and Deviance, Volume 10), Emerald Group Publishing Limited, pp. 345-369. Traiman, S 2001, Tag, you’re it! The EPC tag could revolutionize the retail supply chain, Retail Systems Reseller. Web. Violino, B 2013, What is RFID?, RFID Journal. Web. This essay on RFID in the Retail Supply Chain: Issues and Opportunities was written and submitted by user Tanner H. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

A Guide on How to Use Adverbial Clauses of Time

A Guide on How to Use Adverbial Clauses of Time Adverb clauses provide additional information about how something is done. They are much like adverbs in that they tell the reader when, why or how someone did something. All clauses contain a subject and a verb, adverb clauses are introduced by subordinating conjunctions. For example, Tom helped the student with the homework because he didnt understand the exercise. ... because he didnt understand the exercise explains why Tom helped and is an adverb clause. Begin by studying adverb clauses which are often called time clauses in English grammar books and follow specific patterns.   Punctuation When an adverb clause begins the sentence, use a comma to separate the two clauses. Example: As soon as he arrives, we will have some lunch. When the adverb clause finishes the sentence, there is no need for a comma. Example: He gave me a call when he arrived in town. Adverb Clauses with Time When: He was talking on the phone when I arrived.When she called, he had already eaten lunch.I washed the dishes when my daughter fell asleep.Well go to lunch when you come to visit. When means at that moment, at that time, etc.. Notice the different tenses used in relation to the clause beginning with when. It is important to remember that when takes either the simple past OR the present - the dependent clause changes tense in relation to the when clause. Before: We will finish before he arrives.She (had) left before I telephoned. Before means before that moment. It is important to remember that before takes either the simple past OR the present. After: We will finish after he comes.She ate after I (had) left. After means after that moment. It is important to remember that after takes the present for future events and the past OR past perfect for past events. While, as: She began cooking while I was finishing my homework.As I was finishing my homework, she began cooking. While and as are both usually used with the past continuous because the meaning of during that time  indicates an action in progress. By the time: By the time he finished, I had cooked dinner.We will have finished our homework by the time they arrive. By the time expresses the idea that one event has been completed before another. It is important to notice the use of the past perfect for past events and future perfect for future events in the main clause. This is because of the idea of something happening up to another point in time. Until, till: We waited until he finished his homework.Ill wait until you finish. Until and till express up to that time. We use either the simple present or simple past with until and till. Till is usually only used in spoken English. Since: I have played tennis since I was a young boy.They have worked here since 1987. Since means from that time. We use the present perfect (continuous) with since. Since can also be used with a specific point in time. As soon as: He will let us know as soon as he decides (or as soon as he has decided).As soon as I hear from Tom, I will give you a telephone call. As soon as means when something happens - immediately afterward. As soon as is very similar to when it emphasizes that the event will occur immediately after the other. We usually use the simple present for future events, although present perfect can also be used. Whenever, every time: Whenever he comes, we go to have lunch at Dicks.We take a hike every time he visits. Whenever and every time mean each time something happens. We use the simple present (or the simple past in the past) because whenever and every time express habitual action. The first, second, third, fourth, etc., next, last time: The first time I went to New York, I was intimidated by the city.I saw Jack the last time I went to San Francisco.The second time I played tennis, I began to have fun. The first, second, third, fourth, etc., next, last time means that specific time. We can use these forms to be more specific about which time of a number of times something happened. Adverb  Clauses Showing Opposition These type of clauses show an unexpected or non-self-evident result based on the dependent clause. Example:  He bought the car even though it was expensive. Take a look at the chart below to study the various usages of adverb clauses showing opposition. Punctuation: When an adverb clause begins the sentence use a comma to separate the two clauses. Example:  Even though it was expensive, he bought the car. When the adverb clause finishes the sentence there is no need for a comma. Example:  He bought the car even though it was expensive. Even though, though, although: Even though it was expensive, he bought the car.Though he loves doughnuts, he has given them up for his diet.Although the course was difficult, he passed with the highest marks. Notice how though, even though or although show a situation which is contrary to the main clause to express opposition. Even though, though and although are all synonyms. Whereas, while: Whereas you have lots of time to do your homework, I have very little time indeed.Mary is rich, while I am poor. Whereas and while show clauses in direct opposition to each other. Notice that you should always use a comma with whereas and while. Using Adverb Clauses to Express Conditions These type of clauses are often called if clauses in English grammar books and follow conditional  sentence patterns. Take a look at the chart below to study the various usage of different time expressions. Punctuation: When an adverb clause begins the sentence use a comma to separate the two clauses. Example:  If he comes, we will have some lunch.. When the adverb clause finishes the sentence there is no need for a comma. Example:  He would have invited me if he had known. If: If we win, well go to Kellys to celebrate!She would buy a house, if she had enough money. If clauses express the conditions necessary for the result. If clauses are followed by expected results based on the condition. Even if: Even if she saves a lot, she wont be able to afford that house. In contrast to sentences with if sentences with even if show a result that is unexpected based on the condition in the even if clause.  Example:  COMPARE: If she studies hard, she will pass the exam AND Even if she studies hard, she wont pass the exam. Whether or not: They wont be able to come whether or not they have enough money.Whether they have money or not, they wont be able to come. Whether or not expresses the idea that neither one condition or another matters; the result will be the same. Notice the possibility of inversion (Whether they have money or not) with whether or not. Unless: Unless she hurries up, we wont arrive in time.We wont go unless he arrives soon. Unless expresses the idea of if not  Example:  Unless she hurries up, we wont arrive in time. MEANS THE SAME AS: If she doesnt hurry up, we wont arrive in time.  Unless is only used in the first conditional. In case (that), in the event (that): In the case you need me, Ill be at Toms.Ill be studying upstairs in the event he calls. In case and in the event usually mean that you dont expect something to happen, but if it does... Both are used primarily for future events. Only if: Well give you your bicycle only if you do well on your exams.Only if you do well on your exams will we give you your bicycle. Only if means only in the case that something happens - and only if. This form basically means the same as if. However, it does stress the condition for the result. Note that when only if begins the sentence you need to invert the main clause. Adverb Clauses with Expressions of Cause and Effect These type of clauses explain the reasons for what happens in the main clause.  Example:  He bought a new home because he got a better job. Take a look at the chart below to study the various usages of different expressions of cause and effect. Note that all of these expressions are synonyms of because. Punctuation: When an adverb clause begins the sentence use a comma to separate the two clauses.  Example:  Because he had to work late, we had dinner after nine oclock.. When the adverb clause finishes the sentence there is no need for a comma.  Example:  We had dinner after nine oclock because he had to work late. Adverb Clauses of Cause and Effect Because: They received a high mark on their exam because they had studied hard.Im studying hard because I want to pass my exam.He works a lot of overtime because his rent is so expensive Notice how because can be used with a variety of tenses based on the time relationship between the two clauses. Since: Since he loves music so much, he decided to go to a conservatory.They had to leave early since their train left at 8.30. Since means the same as because. Since tends to be used in more informal spoken English.  Important note:  Since when used as a conjunction is typically used to refer to a period of time, while because implies a cause or reason. As long as: As long as you have the time, why dont you come for dinner? As long as means the same as because. As long as tends to be used in more informal spoken English. As: As the test is difficult, you had better get some sleep. As means the same as because. As tends to be used in more formal, written English. Inasmuch as: Inasmuch as the students had successfully completed their exams, their parents rewarded their efforts by giving them a trip to Paris. Inasmuch as means the same as because. Inasmuch as is used in very formal, written English. Due to the fact that: We will be staying for an extra week due to the fact that we have  not yet finished. Due to the fact that means the same as because. Due to the fact that is generally used in very formal, written English.

Product Development and Packaging Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Product Development and Packaging - Essay Example Some of the well-informed customers often figure out what improvements need to be made before other customers are aware. Some ideas are also arrived at by figuring what the products lack and rushing to bridge the gap. Sony is known for its innovative products. With Apple iPod being a tremendous success with a market share of 80% in the digital portable media player market and sold over 30 million iPod devices by 2005. A market research of about 20,000 iPod consumers was undertaken in order to receive a feedback. The sample was random and consisted of subjects surveyed in diverse geographical areas of the country. The target segment included current iPod users and future iPod purchasers as well as those who were planning to purchase a home theatre system or a high-level stereo system within the next year. The fact that emerged most often was that multiple numbers of speakers were utilized to project sound in the room, and this was slightly cumbersome and the positioning required some effort. The separate speakers like the Dolby Surround Sound 5.1 standard based speakers, required several wires to be installed and once the speakers were installed, their positions were fixed and hence the sound was confined to the one spot. Portability was an issue. The survey subjects welcomed the idea of a single integrated speaker doing the work of the multiple ones. Idea generation Brainstorming sessions were held to discuss the gap in the market for such a product. With the spark for an idea generated, the cross-functional team consisting of consisting of engineers, market researchers, financial analysts and advertising agencies met to discuss and develop the concept. The benefits of having a cross-functional team served to bring in expertise from all related departments. The diversity of the team members brought in different cultural viewpoints that added to decision making potential. It helped reduce inefficiencies because problems were addressed in the initial process itself, rather than addressing them afterwards, that might have proved costly at the end of the product development process. The idea generation sessions that were on going, specific and involved, resulted in several viable alternatives. These were carefully screened to see if they aligned closely to the goals and strategy of Sony they were compatible to the existing production and packaging lines could be marketed through the current distribution channels and promotional expenditure that would be required Concept Development and Testing Careful analysis of the concept design, product/packaging prototype, justification, feasibility, delivery model was undertaken. The need for an integrated speaker replacing several speakers capable of throwing sound to various areas in the room was an exciting product idea to pursue. The ability of a transportable speaker that would be versatile and more usable was a stimulating concept. The product would be Sony's new spherical speaker that can be placed in the middle of a room to project sound in all directions. This would be instead of the consumer having to buy many speakers to project the sound inwards. It

First Migration of Humans Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

First Migration of Humans - Research Paper Example The early human migrations, or the movement and expansion of the first humans, can be classified into three main categories, based on the geological period in which they migrated and moved out of the area in which they lived in and around. The species of Hominid up to the Australopithecines and the early Homo habilis have occupied and inhabited the chained mountain valleys located in the eastern portion of the African continent. Approximately, between two to one million years ago, a group of people, the Homo ergaster who may possibly have descended from the Homo habilis moved out of the mountain valleys into a vaster and larger expanse of land. After a while, they moved around again, travelling on to eastern and central Asia. Along this journey of migration, these hominid species have evolved into the next group of hominids, the Homo erectus. The Homo erectus, the next Hominid species after the Homo habilis had a more robust body than the body type of modern human. They were the firs t group of hominids to be able to create rafts in order to cross over bodies of water, the first ones to live in a nomadic hunter-gatherer lifestyle, and they were considered as the first to be able to create and make use of fire. One hundred twenty five thousand years ago, these people migrated to the Sahara, which at that time was green. However, they died out by ninety thousand years ago. This area was later reoccupied by the Neanderthals. Around eighty thousand years ago, a new Hominid species, the Homo heidelbergensis, emerged in Africa. Just like the earlier groups of Hominid species such as the Homo habilis and Homo ergaster, it too, migrated all the way through the entire continent of Africa and then later on, also notably, they became the first to move to Europe. This group of people showed similar characteristics as the Homo erectus in that it used the same Acheulean stone tool manufacturing and industry. However, their physical features were slightly different, their bone structures were larger and heavier and their hunting strategies were more strategized and systematic compared to the Homo erectus. The entire human population all over the world who are living today all belong to the classification of Homo sapiens, the final hominid species. This group of people is the only member of the genus Homo that was able to survive and live out the tough and harsh conditions in the early past. Based on the various facts and findings gotten from the oldest skull on Earth, which were found in Africa, the earliest Homo sapiens must have originated from the great continent about two hundred thousand years ago. The Homo sapiens are set apart from the earlier groups of Hominid species by their ability to think in a higher level, communicate with other humans through the use of a more developed language and to be able to live in a more complex manner. Current discoveries and results implicate that this species have appeared for the first time in East Africa. Later on, archeological and anthropological expeditions came across numerous skulls located at several places in East Africa such as in Ethiopia and Tanzania. After eighty five thousand years since their first appearance, they have started to expand their populace to South, Southwest and central Africa. Each skull found showed an advanced transition in physical form, implying that migration has taken place. Mitochondrial DNA studies have confirmed these results. After this migration, the Homo sapiens move out of Africa, moving on to the

The Lottery Essay Example for Free

The Lottery Essay The Lottery The specific details Jackson describes in the beginning of â€Å"The Lottery† set us up for the shocking conclusion. In the first paragraph, Jackson provides specific details about the day on which the lottery takes place. She tells us the date (June 27), time (about 10 A.M.), and temperature (warm). She describes the scene exactly: there are flowers and green grass, and the town square, where everyone gathers, is between the bank and post office. She provides specifics about the town, including how many people live there and how long the lottery takes, as well as about neighboring towns, which have more people and must start the lottery earlier. In the paragraphs that follow this introduction, Jackson gives us characters’ full names—Bobby Martin, Harry Jones, and Dickie Delacroix, among others—and even tells us how to pronounce â€Å"Delacroix.† Far from being superfluous or irrelevant, these initial specific details ground the story in reality. Because she sets the story firmly in a specific place and time, Jackson seems to suggest that the story will be a chronicle of sorts, describing the tradition of the lottery. The specifics continue throughout the story, from the numerous rules Mr. Summers follows to the names of the people who are called up to the box. In a way, there is safety in these details—the world Jackson creates seems much like the one we know. And then the stoning begins, turning reality on its head. Because Jackson is so meticulous in grounding us in realistic, specific details, they sharpen the violence and make the ending so incredibly surprising. Themes The Danger of Blindly Following Tradition The village lottery culminates in a violent murder each year, a bizarre ritual that suggests how dangerous tradition can be when people follow it blindly. Before we know what kind of lottery they’re conducting, the villagers and their preparations seem harmless, even quaint: they’ve appointed a rather pathetic man to lead the lottery, and children run about gathering stones in the town square. Everyone is seems preoccupied with a funny-looking black box, and the lottery consists of little more than handmade slips of paper. Tradition is endemic to small towns, a way to link  families and generations. Jackson, however, pokes holes in the reverence that people have for tradition. She writes that the villagers don’t really know much about the lottery’s origin but try to preserve the tradition nevertheless. The villagers’ blind acceptance of the lottery has allowed ritual murder to become part of their town fabric. As they have demonstrated, they feel powerless to change—or even try to change—anything, although there is no one forcing them to keep things the same. Old Man Warner is so faithful to the tradition that he fears the villagers will return to primitive times if they stop holding the lottery. These ordinary people, who have just come from work or from their homes and will soon return home for lunch, easily kill someone when they are told to. And they don’t have a reason for doing it other than the fact that they’ve always held a lottery to kill someone. If the villagers stopped to question it, they would be forced to ask themselves why they are committing a murder—but no one stops to question. For them, the fact that this is tradition is reason enough and gives them all the justification they need. The Randomness of Persecution Villagers persecute individuals at random, and the victim is guilty of no transgression other than having drawn the wrong slip of paper from a box. The elaborate ritual of the lottery is designed so that all villagers have the same chance of becoming the victim—even children are at risk. Each year, someone new is chosen and killed, and no family is safe. What makes â€Å"The Lottery† so chilling is the swiftness with which the villagers turn against the victim. The instant that Tessie Hutchinson chooses the marked slip of paper, she loses her identity as a popular housewife. Her friends and family participate in the killing with as much enthusiasm as everyone else. Tessie essentially becomes invisible to them in the fervor of persecution. Although she has done nothing â€Å"wrong,† her innocence doesn’t matter. She has drawn the marked paper—she has herself become marked—and according to the logic of the lottery, she therefore must die. Tessie’s death is an extreme example of how societies can persecute innocent people for absurd reasons. Present-day parallels are easy to draw, because all prejudices, whether they are based on race, sex, appearance, religion, economic class, geographical region, family background, or sexual orientation, are essentially random. Those who  are persecuted become â€Å"marked† because of a trait or characteristic that is out of their control—for example, they are the â€Å"wrong† sex or from the â€Å"wrong† part of the country. Just as the villagers in â€Å"The Lottery† blindly follow tradition and kill Tessie because that is what they are expected to do, people in real life often persecute others without questioning why. As Jackson suggests, any such persecution is essentially random, which is why Tessie’s bizarre death is so universal. Motifs Family Family bonds are a significant part of the lottery, but the emphasis on family only heightens the killing’s cruelty because family members so easily turn against one another. Family ties form the lottery’s basic structure and execution. In the town square, families stand together in groups, and every family member must be present. Elaborate lists of heads of families, heads of households within those families, and household members are created, and these lists determine which member draws from the box. Family relationships are essential to how the actions of the lottery are carried out, but these relationships mean nothing the moment it’s time to stone the unlucky victim. As soon as it’s clear that Tessie has drawn the marked paper, for example, her husband and children turn on her just as the other villagers do. Although family relationships determine almost everything about the lottery, they do not guarantee loyalty or love once the lottery is over. Rule s The lottery is rife with rules that are arbitrarily followed or disregarded. The intricate rules the villagers follow suggest that the lottery is an efficient, logical ritual and that there is an important purpose behind it, whereas the rules that have lapsed, however, reveal the essential randomness of the lottery’s dark conclusion. Mr. Summers follows an elaborate system of rules for creating the slips of paper and making up the lists of families. When the lottery begins, he lays out a series of specific rules for the villagers, including who should draw slips of paper from the black box and when to open those papers. When someone is unable to draw, the lottery rules determine who should be next in line. At the same time, there are ghosts of rules that have been long forgotten or willfully abandoned altogether, such as those for salutes and songs that accompany Mr. Summer’s induction as the  chairman of the lottery. The fact that some rules have remained while others have disappeared underscores the disturbing randomness of the murder at the end of the lottery. Symbols The Black Box The shabby black box represents both the tradition of the lottery and the illogic of the villagers’ loyalty to it. The black box is nearly falling apart, hardly even black anymore after years of use and storage, but the villagers are unwilling to replace it. They base their attachment on nothing more than a story that claims that this black box was made from pieces of another, older black box. The lottery is filled with similar relics from the past that have supposedly been passed down from earlier days, such as the creation of family lists and use of stones. These are part of the tradition, from which no one wants to deviate—the lottery must take place in just this way because this is how it’s always been done. However, other lottery traditions have been changed or forgotten. The villagers use slips of paper instead of wood chips, for example. There is no reason why the villagers should be loyal to the black box yet disloyal to other relics and traditions, just as there is no logical reason why the villagers should continue holding the lottery at all. The Lottery The lottery represents any action, behavior, or idea that is passed down from one generation to the next that’s accepted and followed unquestioningly, no matter how illogical, bizarre, or cruel. The lottery has been taking place in the village for as long as anyone can remember. It is a tradition, an annual ritual that no one has thought to question. It is so much a part of the town’s culture, in fact, that it is even accompanied by an old adage: â€Å"Lottery in June, corn be heavy soon.† The villagers are fully loyal to it, or, at least, they tell themselves that they are, despite the fact that many parts of the lottery have changed or faded away over the years. Nevertheless, the lottery continues, simply because there has always been a lottery. The result of this tradition is that everyone becomes party to murder on an annual basis. The lottery is an extreme example of what can happen when traditions are not questioned or addressed critically by new generation s. Foreshadowing and Suspense Many of the seemingly innocuous details throughout â€Å"The Lottery† foreshadow the violent conclusion. In the second paragraph, children put stones in their pockets and make piles of stones in the town square, which seems like innocent play until the stones’ true purpose becomes clear at the end of the story. Tessie’s late arrival at the lottery instantly sets her apart from the crowd, and the observation Mr. Summers makes—â€Å"Thought we were going to have to get on without you†Ã¢â‚¬â€is eerily prescient about Tessie’s fate. When Mr. Summers asks whether the Watson boy will draw for him and his mother, no reason is given for why Mr. Watson wouldn’t draw as all the other husbands and fathers do, which suggests that Mr. Watson may have been last year’s victim. Jackson builds suspense in â€Å"The Lottery† by relentlessly withholding explanation and does not reveal the true nature of the lottery until the first stone hi ts Tessie’s head. We learn a lot about the lottery, including the elements of the tradition that have survived or been lost. We learn how important the lottery is to the villagers, particularly Old Man Warner. We go through the entire ritual, hearing names and watching the men approach the box to select their papers. But Jackson never tells us what the lottery is about, or mentions any kind of prize or purpose. She begins to reveal that something is awry when the lottery begins and the crowd grows nervous, and she intensifies the feeling when Tessie hysterically protests Bill’s â€Å"winning† selection. And she gives a slight clue when she says that the villagers â€Å"still remembered to use stones.† But not until the moment when a rock actually hits Tessie does Jackson show her hand completely. By withholding information until the last possible second, she builds the story’s suspense and creates a shocking, powerful conclusion. Quotations 1. Mr. Summers spoke frequently to the villagers about making a new box, but no one liked to upset even as much tradition as was represented by the black box. This quotation, from the fifth paragraph of the story, reveals how firmly entrenched the villagers are in the lottery’s tradition and how threatening they find the idea of change. The villagers have no good reason for wanting to keep the black box aside from a vague story about the box’s origins, and the box itself is falling apart. Beyond shabby, it barely resembles a box now, but the villagers, who seem to take such pride in the  ritual of the lottery, do not seem to care about the box’s appearance. They just want the box to stay the same. Their strident belief that the box must not change suggests that they fear change itself, as though one change might lead to other changes. Already, some towns have stopped holding lotteries, but these villagers do not seem to be headed in that direction. Instead, the y hold firm to the parts of the tradition that remain, afraid to alter even this seemingly insignificant part of it for fear of starting down a slippery slope. 2. Although Mr. Summers and everyone else in the village knew the answer perfectly well, it was the business of the official of the lottery to ask such questions formally. This quotation appears about halfway through the story, just before the drawing of names begins. Mr. Summers has asked Mrs. Dunbar whether her son, Horace, will be drawing for the family in Mr. Dunbar’s absence, even though everyone knows Horace is still too young. There is no purpose to the question, other than that the question is part of the tradition, and so Mr. Summers adheres to the rule despite the fact that it seems absurd. Even though other parts of the ritual have changed or been discarded over the years, this rule holds firm for absolutely no logical reason. Large things, such as songs and salutes, have slipped away, and wood chips have been replaced with slips of paper. Yet this silly, pointless questioning continues. The villagers seem strident in their adherence to the tradition. Old Man Warner, in particular, is adamant that tradition must be upheld and the lottery must continue. But the reality is that there is no consistency among what rules are followed and which are discarded. This lack of logic makes the villagers’ blind observance of the ritual even more problematic because the tradition they claim to be upholding is actually flimsy and haphazard. 3. Although the villagers had forgotten the ritual and lost the original black box, they still remembered to use stones. This quotation, which appears near the end of the story, distills the lottery down to its essence: murder. The villagers may talk of tradition, ritual, and history, but the truth—as this quotation makes clear—is that the traditional parts of it have long been discarded. The original ritual and box may indeed have borne along a tradition, violent and bizarre as it may be, but now, without the original trappings, songs, and procedures, all that remains is the violence. The  haphazard ritual, the bits and pieces that have been slapped together into some semblance of the original, have led to this essential moment of killing. The villagers are all too eager to embrace what remains, eagerly picking up the stones and carrying on the â€Å"tradition† for another year. Character Analysis Tessie Hutchinson When Tessie Hutchinson arrives late to the lottery, admitting that she forgot what day it was, she immediately stands out from the other villagers as someone different and perhaps even threatening. Whereas the other women arrive at the square calmly, chatting with one another and then standing placidly by their husbands, Tessie arrives flustered and out of breath. The crowd must part for her to reach her family, and she and her husband endure good-natured teasing as she makes her way to them. On a day when the villagers’ single focus is the lottery, this breach of propriety seems inappropriate, even unforgivable; everyone comes to the lottery, and everyone comes on time. The only person absent is a man whose leg is broken. Although Tessie quickly settles into the crowd and joins the lottery like everyone else, Jackson has set her apart as a kind of free spirit who was able to forget about the lottery entirely as she performed her chores. Perhaps because she is a free spirit, Tessie is the only villager to protest against the lottery. When the Hutchinson family draws the marked paper, she exclaims, â€Å"It wasn’t fair!† This refrain continues as she is selected and subsequently stoned to death, but instead of listening to her, the villagers ignore her. Even Bill tells her to be quiet. We don’t know whether Tessie would have protested the fairness of the lottery if her family had not been selected, but this is a moot point. Whatever her motivation is for speaking out, she is effectively silenced. Old Man Warner Old Man Warner, the oldest man in town, has participated in seventy-seven lotteries and is a staunch advocate for keeping things exactly the way they are. He dismisses the towns and young people who have stopped having lotteries as â€Å"crazy fools,† and he is threatened by the idea of change. He believes, illogically, that the people who want to stop holding lotteries  will soon want to live in caves, as though only the lottery keeps society stable. He also holds fast to what seems to be an old wives’ tale—â€Å"Lottery in June, corn be heavy soon†Ã¢â‚¬â€and fears that if the lottery stops, the villagers will be forced to eat â€Å"chickweed and acorns.† Again, this idea suggests that stopping the lottery will lead to a return to a much earlier era, when people hunted and gathered for their food. These illogical, irrational fears reveal that Old Man Warner harbors a strong belief in superstition. He easily accepts the way things are because thi s is how they’ve always been, and he believes any change to the status quo will lead to disaster. This way of thinking shows how dangerous it is to follow tradition blindly, never questioning beliefs that are passed down from one generation to the next. Mr. Summers Despite his breezy, light-hearted name, Mr. Summers wields a frightening amount of power in the village, power that seems to have been assigned to him arbitrarily. A married, childless business owner, Mr. Summers is â€Å"jovial† and pitied by the townspeople for having a nagging wife. No one seems to question his leadership of the lottery, and it seems to have never been challenged. Perhaps he took on the role himself, or perhaps someone offered it to him. Whatever the case, he now has complete control. Mr. Summers not only draws the names on the day of the lottery, but he also makes up the slips of paper that go into the black box. It’s up to him to make the black circle that ultimately condemns someone to death. Jackson never explains why the villagers put such pure faith in Mr. Summers, and the assumption that he will continue to conduct the lottery is just one more inexplicable but universally accepted part of the ritual.

Autism and Implications of Evidence Based Research on Therapeutic Inter

Autism and Implications of Evidence Based Research on Therapeutic Interventions in Youth The field of Autism continues to be an evolving and dynamic theme of exploration and research for professionals in the medical, educational, behavioral, and social science disciplines. The research around evidenced based therapies in these realms guides professional practice, interventions, programs, and long-term care for individuals with Autism. A review of the research studies published within the past five years on the use of positive behavioral interventions and supports in the management of behaviors for students with Autism within the educational setting will occur within this paper. The review of each research study will address the focus of the study, the questions the research study aims to answer, the sample the research study investigates, the experimental or research design used in the study, and finally the statistical tests used to derive the research results. The Journal of Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities (2009) published the article, Updating a meta-analysis of intervention research with challenging behaviour: Treatment validity and standards of practice, which reviews the previous research pertaining to best practice and the success rate of different strategies to address challenging behavior in children with developmental disabilities. Authors Shane Harvey, Diana Boer, Luanna Meyer, Ian Evan sought to conduct an extensive systematic meta-analysis of the literature published on research studies in regards to problem behaviors in children with developmental disabilities. Harvey, Boer, Meyer, and Evans attempt to replicate as closely as possible a research study first published approximately two decades ago on a ... ...y, S. T., Boer, D., Meyer, L. H., & Evans, I. M. (2009). Updating a meta-analysis of intervention research with challenging behaviour: Treatment validity and standards of practice [Abstract]. Journal of Intellectual and Developmental Disability, 34(1), 67-80. doi:10.1080/13668250802690922 Kraemer, B. R., Cook, C. R., Browning-Wright, D., Mayer, G. R., & Wallace, M. D. (2008). Effects of Training on the Use of the Behavior Support Plan Quality Evaluation Guide with Autism Educators: A Preliminary Investigation Examining Positive Behavior Support Plans. Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions, 10(3), 179-189. doi:10.1177/1098300708318796 National Autism Center (2009). National Standards Project-Addressing the Need for Evidence-Based Practice Guideline for Autism Spectrum Disorders (978-0-9836494-2-7). Retrieved May 26, 2012, from http://nationalautismcenter.org

The Main Reason for the Increase in the Divorce Rate Is Changes to Divorce Laws

According to the item the proportion of marriages ending in divorce has increased from 27,000 to almost 55,000 between 1961 and 1969. Although the changes in law might have an impact on the divorce rate of couples, I think that other factors are just as important or maybe even more important than changes to the law. The divorce reform act was introduced in 1969 and so couples were able to get a divorce without needing to prove adultery, cruelty or desertion. But to decrease the divorce rates, the government only accepted divorce requests from partners that have been living separate for at least 2 years.This law only increased the divorce rate as the item suggests that from 1969 to 1973 divorce rates doubled again. Another factor that could have an impact on change in divorce years is changes in position of women. From 1959 to 2005 the proportion of working women increased from 45% to 70%. This shows that women are now more independent due to changes in their economic position so it i s correct to say that availability of welfare benefits means women no longer have to be financially supported by their husband.Feminists rightly argue that the more independency of women creates a new source of conflict between couples, leading to more divorces. This argument is logical, because women tend to get divorced because they know that they can earn money and live independently in society. Also, Decline in stigma and changing attitudes could be causing divorce rates to increase. According to Since 1960s stigma has declined and divorce has become more socially accepted. Wilson (1966) argues that this reduction in stigma is a result of secularisation, the decline of religion in modern society. less than half of today's marriages involve religious ceremonies.He also believes that the attitudes towards the effect of divorce on children might have been shifted. In conclusion, although changes in law, decline in stigma and changing attitudes are reasons for the increase in the di vorce rate, I think that the change in position of women has the most impact on the increase of divorce rates because in the last decade women have gained many new rights in terms of the vote, employment and education, and the rise in divorce may reflect this shift in their position within society and make them less willing to accept marriages that do not fulfil their personal needs.

The Social Justice Movement Of The 1920 S - 1895 Words

[Title Here, up to 12 Words, on One to Two Lines] Todd Shepherd Arts/125 Author Note [Include any grant/funding information and a complete correspondence address.] During the 1920’s and 1930’s the Civil Wars stock completely crashed and American culture at that time quickly panicked. Technology during this time had minimum growth, and America was too afraid to invest their money into anything because nothing was promised. However; the Glided Age was extremely successfully, it provided growth based on their consistency of change and their intuitive mind. America needed something to believe in, they needed hard work and clarity on where their success lies and ultimately the direction their country was headed. Today we will discuss how art has been a reflection to society, we will discuss the social justice movement of the 20 th century and how its American society, the role of diversity and how its changed today’s society, last we will talk about my opinion on today’s art. In 1893 The World’s Columbian Exposition was held in Chicago, It was a perfect blending of technology and tradition. Due to the technological revolution wealth in America had again started to flourish and was shown at the exposition. Which could be considered a great illustration of America’s Gilded Age during which technology and tradition was blended. The exposition was a mixing pot of artists and architects mostly all of which had studied in other countries. The names given to the sections of theShow MoreRelatedProgressivism : A Wide And Varied Movement Essay1332 Words   |  6 PagesProgressivism was a wide and varied movement that changed American values and lifestyles having everlasting impact on American history. Progressivism, ranging from 1880 to 1920, was a well-planned and well-organized movement in the United States having wide as well as diversified goals. 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